Rarely visited and underdocumented

montane habitats in Mongolia
 

NYAMBAYAR Batbayar, TSEVEENMYADAG Natsagdorj,

BOLORMUNKH Erdenekhuu, MONGONBAGANA Sukh-Ochir

Wildlife Science and Conservation Center of Mongolia

Ornithology Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Over the last few years, our group spent most of each July working on a project to study the ecology, avian influenza, and physiology of Bar-headed Geese in west-central Mongolia. Our field works in July were primarily focused on capturing, colour marking, and sampling the geese at Terkhiin Tsagaan Lake and several smaller lakes in the region. After the work was done there, we traveled further west or north to visit a few more lakes and wetlands until the end of moulting season. Between lakes and wetlands we drove over many mountain passes, usually without stopping in order to save time and to make distances. Whenever we drove over high altitude points we always wanted to stop and spend more time to look for birds that live in the alpine habitats. But despite a few short stops, we were not really able to do that because of our limited time budget. However, last year, we were able to spend a bit more time at several high altitude locations in the Khangai Mountains.

View from Khongor Davaa. © B. Nyambayar

We camped on top of several mountain passes and high grounds to take advantage of the morning hours to do a quick bird watching while some crew members and drivers are still in their warm bed resting from previous day’s long ride. Our first spot on 19 July 2012 was Khongor Davaa, a location elevated at 2310 meters above sea level (N 48°02’35.6”, E 100°01’34.6”). Although it was not that high altitude, we were close to the tree line. The mountain top was grassy, and full of low scrubs and rocks, and wet. The site was not quite an alpine meadow, but a very good place to watch birds. Also there was a patch of larch trees and a large rock cliff at the nearby hill top. Around 5 a.m., we walked up to the hill to watch birds in the area. In no time, we arrived to the nearest cliff and larch trees. We noticed some birds were flying between them. In those rocky areas and near the cliffs, we saw Brown Accentors (at least two families), Brown Shrikes, Alpine Accentors, Red-billed Coughs, Pied Wagtails, Eastern Stonechats, Yellow and Citrine Wagtails, Tree Pipits, Olive-backed Pipits, Northern Wheatears, Pied Wheatears, Black Redstarts, Red-throated Thrushes, Willow Tits, Lesser Whitethroats, Common Rosefinches, and Pine Buntings. In the larch forest patch we saw more birds, including a few more species, e.g. Brown Accentor, Tree Pipit, Olive-backed Pipit, Lesser Whitethroat, Willow Tit, Great Tit, Pine Bunting, and a family of Magpie. Also, a Golden Eagle with full crop flew very close to us to the west.

Alpine Accentor. © N. Tseveenmyadag

Our next high stop was Shar Usnii Davaa mountain pass (N 47°30’17.4”, E 98°57’48.6”, 2820 meters a.s.l.). We arrived at this location just before midnight and found a perfect little spot to put our tents. Basically we were camping at the source of Zavkhan River, at one of its headwaters. Early morning we climbed up to a nearby hill top. There were not many birds except a few Horned Larks and Brown Accentors. An Upland Buzzard was flying to north over the pass. Four Common Ravens were at the ovoo near the pass. Also we saw some Water Pipits near the stream. On top of the hill, there was a medium sized boulder rock where two Steppe Eagles were sitting earlier. Siberian Marmots were quite high in abundance. A Red Fox was on its early morning hunt on the hill top. From the hill top, we could see that the area is a high altitude steppe in general with little or no big boulder rocks, bushes, and trees. Grass and forbs were not as high compared to how they were last year around this time. Soon some light rain started and we had to go back. 

After crossing the Shar Usnii Davaa on the way to next destination, we reached another small tributary of the Zavkhan River. Just before we hit the river (at 2500 m a.s.l), Père David's Snowfinch started to be seen on the southern part of river. Also an adult Lammergeier (Bearded Vulture) was feeding on a carcass of a ram. Soon another adult and subadult Lammergeier joined him.

Shar Us Davaa. © N. Tseveenmyadag

Our third high stop was Khokh Lake (N 47°29’45.0”, E 98°33’44.1”), a fresh water mountain lake, located at an elevation of 2630 meters. This is the location where we saw alpine meadow and alpine steppe habitats lying side by side. Alpine flora was distinctive as well. We were here last year for a very short time and did not do much bird watching. In fact, the very reason we came here was to find Bar-headed Geese that are carrying heart rate loggers we deployed last year. We saw one of them at this location in July 2011. They are easily identified by their neck collars. Also, there were over 1000 geese in this area last year, most of them moulting birds. Also in the lake we saw Mongolian Gulls (breeding), Great Cormorants (br), Ruddy Shelducks (br), Goosanders (Common Mergansers) (br), and a few Northern Shovelers (br). 

Evening view of Khokh Lake. © B. Nyambayar

There was a small island with full of Mongolian Gull nests, perhaps the place where the Bar-headed Geese bred. We counted over 400 Mongolian Gulls and about 200 Great Cormorants on the island and about 60 Bar-headed Geese on the water. We did not see any cormorant nest or chicks. 

Shortly after our arrival, we made a stop at the northern foothills of Zavag Mountain. The area was very interesting with a diversity of microhabitats, with bushes, dwarf birches, and rocks. Soon we were overwhelmed by a sheer abundance of several mountain species including Güldenstädt’s Redstarts, Asian Rosy Finches, Eastern Stonechats, Black Redstarts, Brown Accentors, Twite, Grey Wagtail, and Citrine Wagtail. Recently fledged Güldenstädt's Redstarts and Brown Accentors were all over this tiny place and both male and females were feeding their youngsters.

Khokh Lake from above. © B. Nyambayar

After early dinner, we climbed the north side of Ondor-Jargalant Uul up to 3118 meters that evening. But it was too late to do more exploration; and we decided to spend next day to check out this beautiful location. That day, we camped on northern shore of the lake (N 47°32’22.8”, E 98°28’46.4”, 2646 m.a.s.l). Here, we were desperate to see Hodgson’s Bushchat, but we were not that lucky and saw none. But the place was full of Eastern Stonechats and Blyth’s Pipits. Brown Accentors were very common again, with recently fledged chicks. Actually the weather was not very perfect all afternoon with occasional light showers; sometimes we had to sit under big bushes and banks to wait the heavier rain to pass through. On the way back, Tseveen and Bolormunkh saw two Siberian Ibex and a small flock of Altai Snowcocks. Also we saw Twite, Hume’s Leaf Warbler, Water Pipits, Pallas’s Bunting (2 families), Pied Wagtails, and a Rock Ptarmigan (one flushed) near the stream. 

Adult Asian Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa, subspecies sushkini,

endemic to Mongolia’s Khangai Mountains. © N. Tseveenmyadag

Juvenile Asian Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa

of the subspecies sushkini. © N. Tseveenmyadag

These are probably the first-ever published photos of the distinct sushkini subspecies of Asian Rosy Finch which was described by the Russian ornithologist Boris Karlowitsch Stegmann in 1932, based on specimen collected in 1929 by Elizabeth V. Kozlova at Otgontenger, the highest (4031 m) mountain of the Khangai range. The scientific name honors the Russian ornithologist Petr Petrovich Sushkin (1868-1928).

E. V. Kozlova and B. K. Stegmann, 1958.

© Zool. Inst., Russian Academy of Sciences

Next morning we checked the remaining lakes for Bar-headed Geese with data loggers. This year, we counted again almost 1100 geese including many families, with 98 gosling in total. Among them there were three geese with green neck bands (A18, X45, H87). Unfortunately, we could not find the birds we needed most. So, we spent a good deal of time walking along the lakes and hill sides watching birds and other things. We made several stops and recorded bird species observed there.

First, we decided to walk upstream to see the beginning of the lake and possibly to find more Bar-headed Geese. Also it would allow us to walk along the lake shore with occasional boulder rocks, many scrubs and bushes which are ideal habitats for passerines. Soon after we left the camp, Baganaa decided to challenge himself by climbing one of the steepest hillsides and he left us.

Blyth’s Pipit. © B. Nyambayar

Tseveen, Bolormunkh, and Nyamba continued walking up valley. Among bushes and scrubs along the lake shore and lower foothills, Brown Accentor, Black Redstart, Northern Wheatear, Twite, Hume’s Leaf Warbler, Grey Wagtail, Pied Wagtail, Citrine Wagtail, Northern Wheatear, Eastern Stonechat, and Blyth’s Pipit were fairly common. Also we recorded a male Pallas’s Bunting, a family of Common Rosefinch, a Daurian Partridge, and a grouse (the bird flew off before we could identify it). Near the upper end of the lake, we spotted one of each Little Ringed Plover and Common Sandpiper running along lake shore. In general, there were not many shorebirds in this area. 

Later afternoon, we added to our species list a single Common Rock Thrush and Altai Accentor which were spotted below a rocky hillside with some bushes, and Northern House Martins in the cliff above us. In nearby rocky and bushy slopes and hill sides, we saw more Eastern Stonechats, Brown Accentors, Northern Wheatears, Greenish Warbler, and Magpies.

Güldenstädt’s Redstart. © B. Nyambayar

During our one and a half day-stay at Khokh Lake, we found several nests of raptors including Bearded Vulture (1 nest), Cinereous Vulture (2 nests), Steppe Eagle (1 nest), and Saker Falcon (1 nest). Also we saw a pair of adult Golden Eagles flying back and forth along a mountain ridge at south. Soon a Common Kestrel appeared and started mocking one of them. Interestingly, we didn't see any Black(-eared) Kites during our stay; also we don’t remember seeing them in 2011 as well. Perhaps, they do not occur here at this altitude.

We came back to the camp at around 4 p.m. Our last stop was a rocky foothill on the opposite side of the lake from our camp. We radio called Baganaa and our driver and asked them to bring kayaks to us. So they did. Soon we were paddling across the lake on our way back to the camp. At the camp, Baganaa showed us the photos he took during his trekking that day. Among them, there was a photo (rather poor quality) of a bird which looked like a Hodgson’s Bushchat! Later we sent the photo to Axel and Abu for confirmation, and the reply was positive. Yes, it was a male Hodgson’s Bushchat! This is the species we were looking for whole day, but we did not find it, perhaps, we were too attached to the lake. The good thing was that Baganaa got this photo and his decision to challenge himself rewarded all of us at the end! 

Record shot of the male Hodgson’s Bushchat.
© S.-O. Mongonbagana

Our camp at the base of Ondor-Jargalant Uul. © B. Nyambayar

On our way back, we drove over small hills on the north side of the lake to check a few smaller lakes. They were brackish water lakes and many of them were very low water or dry. We made few stops and recorded following species, Bar-headed Goose (105), Ruddy Shelduck (1 family with 10 ducklings), Common Pochard (c.100), Tufted Duck (c.90), Common Goldeneye (23), and two Spotted Redshanks (at 2774 m.a.s.l).  

Bushy and rocky habitat of Khokh Lake shore. © B. Nyambayar

In addition to birds, we observed following species of mammals at Khokh Lake: Siberian Ibex (9 individuals, perhaps common), Argali Sheep (single sheep, status unclear), and Siberian Marmots (at 3000 m.a.s.l), Pallas’s and Northern Pikas, Tolai Hare (at 3000 m.a.s.l), and some mountain blue voles (Alticola sp or Allocricetulus sp; quite common). Occasionally, we encountered Wolf scats, full of fur.

Before we left the lake, we stopped by the family we met the day before, and Nyamba bought some fresh dried curds made out of yak milk to take back to US for his family. The husband, Monkhbaatar, told us they stay in the area year around and in winter they move further up the valley with their yaks. His wife works for the local meteorological office and takes lake water measurements every day. He also told us in summer few tourists visit this place, and their number is increasing. Most foreign tourists come here to see the beautiful landscape, and few for birdwatching, and some to do trout fishing. We all certainly felt that this place deserves a designation of local or state level protected area.

Small island at Khokh Lake with a gull colony. © B. Nyambayar

Anyway, at the end, it was a very fruitful day for all of us because we completed our original goal which was to count Bar-headed Geese at this location, plus we did some bird watching in one of the best locations in this area with many cool montane species. Totally 45 species were recorded. Although our short trip to this location resulted in many interesting species not much reported from Mongolia, everybody was saying that they are desperate to come back to this location and spent more time next year. Because avian species in high mountain habitats in Mongolia are very poorly documented, I am sure there will be plenty of things to do in such beautiful places. Especially, we want to see that Hodgson’s Bushchats up close. Perhaps you might want to join us.

Recently fledged Lammergeier. © B. Nyambayar

Note: Recently we have been awarded a small grant from Oriental Bird Club for a project to survey Hodgson’s Bushchats in the Khangai Mountain region. If you are interested in volunteering (paying all your international travel expenses and insurances) please contact Nyamba at nyambayar at wscc dot org dot mn. Local transportation and food will be covered by us. Also we are planning to organize a group tour to this location and several other locations in Khangai and Altai mountains in June to survey high mountain species which will be an exciting new adventure. If you are interested to visit as tourists, you may contact P. Gankhuyag at gankhuyag at wscc dot org dot mn. All income from tour services will be used towards Hodgson’s Bushchat research project by WSCC of Mongolia.

List of species recorded at Khokh Lake

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
A non-breeding congregation with over 200 birds.
Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus
A total of 1200 recorded, including breeding pairs. Maximum gosling in one family were 6.
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
2 birds in summer plumage.
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
Over 110 non-breeding birds at the small lake N of Khokh Lake.
Common Pochard Aythya ferina
Over 100 non-breeding birds at the small lake N of Khokh Lake.
Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
23 birds at the small lake N of Khokh Lake.
Goosander Mergus merganser
1 female with 8 juveniles.
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
A pair of adults at the south side of the lake.
Lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus
2 adults and a subadult near the river feeding on a carcass. A nest with a large juvenile at Khokh lake.
Eurasian Black Vulture Aegypius monachus
At least two nests at the south side of the Lake. There might be few more nests.
Saker Falcon Falco cherrug
At least one nest. Recently fledged young birds were calling on a nest located in a high cliff.
Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
An adult female. This bird might have nested in the area.
Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta
A solitary bird was flushed out from densely vegetated shrubs near swift-flowing stream. Rather rare in the area.
Altai Snowcock Tetraogallus altaicus
Six individuals were seen at mountain top and we heard the calls quite often.
Daurian Partridge Perdix dauurica
One flushed.
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius
One individual was recorded.
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos
One individual was recorded.
Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus
Two birds in summer plumage at the small lake N of Khokh Lake.
Mongolian Gull Larus mongolicus
Over 400 birds including many breeding pairs
House Martin Delichon urbicum
Many were seen at the upper part of the lake.
Horned Lark Erepmophila alpestris
Commonly seen.
Richard’s Pipit Anthus richardi
Many sighted.
Blyth’s Pipit Anthus godlwskii
Very common and highly vocal.
Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta
A regular bird of alpine meadows. Quite common.
Common Magpie Pica pica
Common breeder in larch forest.
Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola
Rather common.
Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba
Several sightings of this well-known species mainly near wet areas.
Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea
Perhaps not common.
Altai Accentor Prunella himalayana
Only 1 bird was recorded.
Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris
Common.
Brown Accentor Prunella fulvescens
Fairly common.
Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides
Common in the willow groves along the mountain stream and valleys.
Hume’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus humei
Common.
Eastern Stonechat Saxicola maurus
Noted every day. Fairly common.
Hodgson’s Bushchat Saxicola insignis
One record shot. None in foothills. Higher grounds need to be search carefully. 
Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
A few observations only. Not common.
Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis
Single record.
Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochropus
Breeding.
Güldenstädt's Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogastrus
Nice view of several breeding pairs feeding their youngsters.
Red-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis
A single adult.
Twite Acanthis flavirostris
One of the common species in the area. Mainly found in lower area along the lake and streams.
Asian Rosy Finch Leucosticte arctoa
We had good views several breeding pairs feeding their youngsters in the southern foothill.
Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus
Two families with juveniles. Not common.
Grey-necked Bunting Emberiza buchanani
A single bird in breeding plumage.
Pallas’s Bunting Emberiza pallasi
Several fabulous looks at singing males on shrubby areas.

Mammals

Mongolian Silver Vole Alticola semicanus
Not very abundant. Several records.
Alpine Pika Ochotona alpina
The Common pika in the boulder fields.
Long-tailed Ground Squirrel Spermophilus undulatus
A few sightseeing. Perhaps we may have overlooked.
Siberian Marmot Marmota sibirica
One of the most common mammal species at higher elevations.
Tolai Hare Lepus tolai
Several observations in the boulders and bushes.
Siberian Ibex Capra sibirica
Total of 9 ibexes were seen second day.
Argali Ovis ammon
Single sheep was noted in the evening when we arrived at the lake.